Archive for September, 2010

Energy Efficiency: The Significance Monday, September 20th, 2010

Energy and water are considered to be the two critical issues that can determine the very survival of our planet. If action is not taken to replace non-renewable sources such as fossil-fuel based energy with renewable sources such as sunlight and wind, we might find ourselves going back in time to the days when animal and human energy dominated daily life. And this time around, the world would also be a very unpleasant place with completely unpredictable climate, caused by all the global warming caused by the greenhouse gases.

Energy efficiency is one way to tackle the energy issue. Energy efficiency can come through more efficient use of energy, i.e. reducing the energy needed to provide products and services, e.g. using CFL lamps instead of incandescent lights. It can also take the forms of more efficient conversion of energy, i.e. producing more useful energy output from the same input and conscious efforts to conserve energy by eliminating wastage and higher efficiency in using the energy, e.g. switching off the lights when you leave the room.

With all the media attention that the topic of energy efficiency receives, it has caught popular fancy. The market for energy efficiency products and services is burgeoning. One Dow Jones report mentions that during 2009, energy efficiency ventures got nearly one-third of all the clean-tech funding, with more and more private companies focusing on developing green and efficient technologies.

In the U.S. military establishments and government buildings are excellent targets for energy efficient products and services. Actually, any business can increase its profits by reducing energy consumption and bringing down costs of operation.

An energy efficiency report from Market Publishers looks at the technologies and strategies to improve energy efficiency.

Nanotechnology in Dermatology Sunday, September 19th, 2010

Nanotechnology is a ubiquitous technology that has applications in a wide range of areas. Medicine is one of these areas and dermatologists are also exploring the potential of this technology to treat skin problems and diseases. For example, the Nanodermatology Society says that “a vast number of patents have been issued for nanotechnology as a means of enhancing topical delivery of a broad range of cosmetics and cutaneous therapeutics.”

The Nanodermatology Society (NDS) was formed this year. It is a nonprofit organization that seeks to “promote and enable a greater understanding of the scientific and medical aspects of nanotechnology in health and disease.” It will monitor developments in nanotechnology as they relate to dermatology, facilitate exchange of information about the developments, sponsor research and develop policies that benefit consumers and industry, among others.

“Nanotechnology represents a novel medium through which the diagnosis and treatment of disease may be forever altered. The skin represents a phenomenal vehicle through which these materials can be investigated, both with respect to active ingredient delivery and efficacy. Advances in nanotechnology must be balanced with due consideration of potential toxicity,” comments Dr. Adnan Nasir, assistant clinical professor of dermatology, University of North Carolina, and President of the NDS.

Read the news report at AzoNano.com.

Developing Scientists of Tomorrow Saturday, September 18th, 2010

Children are naturally inquisitive, eager to learn all the intricacies of what they see. However, unless nurtured, this inquisitiveness is not developed. In fact, inquisitiveness might even be discouraged and the child taught to accept “authority” without question. Are such children obedient to authority likely to become scientists who are supposed to question even “obvious” statements?

Recent K-12 U.S. education standards mention competence in scientific investigation as a key curriculum goal. From early grades on, children should learn to:
* Formulate a question
* Design an investigation
* Analyze data
* Draw conclusions

Even the National Council of Teachers of English (a non-scientific subject) mention their goal as: “Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources … to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience.”

To be effective, it is necessary how the cognitive skills involved in such activities actually develop, and how these can be supported through education. The natural curiosity of children need to be developed into full “scientific thinking” habits. And this needs a clear definition of what scientific thinking involves.

All of us, from childhood, tend to construct “theories” that help us make sense of what we see. And these theories tend to be revised in the light of new experience. Scientific thinking can, for example, probably be defined as the conversion of the above “unconscious” process into a formal thinking process.

Read the article Science Learning by pearlfreeman elaborating on this topic.

India, China and Cloud Computing Friday, September 17th, 2010

India has gained a strong reputation in software and services while China’s strength is in computer hardware manufacturing. Until now the two activities, services and manufacture, could proceed somewhat independently and prosper. However, with the arrival of cloud computing, the scenario is likely to change in a significant manner.

Cloud computing involves providing service from the Internet cloud to the clients, and require expertise in both hardware and software, as well as delivery of services. China’s expertise in hardware, and India’s familiarity with the service clients and their requirements, could be combined to become a force in the new market for cloud computing services. However, this requires India and China seeing each other as partners rather than as competitors.

A competitor mentality could see China trying to develop software and services skills, involving acquiring necessary language skills as well as being able to work in the client culture. This is going to take a long time. And similar time periods will be involved if India tries to develop the manufacturing infrastructure and skills.

Wasting that kind of time in a field where things are changing fast, instead of working together combining each other’s strengths, will be missing a great opporunity, says the author of the article India and China, Tech Frenemies in The Wall Street Journal.

Renewable Chemicals: Boon or Bane? Wednesday, September 15th, 2010

Renewable chemicals are produced from agricultural feedstock such as grain and cellulose, i.e. renewable raw materials. Refining these bio products can produce a range of products. Polymers, bio-fuels, green solvents and fibers are examples.

In Brazil, Dow Chemicals has set up a plant to produce ethylene and polyethylene from sugarcane. Bio-plastics made from agricultural feedstock is considered carbon neutral as the carbon dioxide is absorbed while growing the sugarcane to offset the carbon released during the production process and during the final decomposition process. Petroleum based plastics, on the other hand, leave a large carbon footprint, and also contribute to waste accumulation unless they have been treated to be biodegradable.

Production of renewable plastics from agricultural feedstock typically involves processes such as fermentation, dehydration and polymerization. Presently, the renewable chemicals market is dominated by alcohol. Renewable polymers production is the sector that is expected to grow fastest in the immediate future.

Food packaging made with biodegradable plastics made from renewable sources can, in addition to reducing carbon emissions, make municipal waste more manageable. Presently, these have become somewhat unmanageable as even a small quantity of non-biodegradable plastic in the landfills makes it unacceptable for composting.

On the other hand, renewable chemicals using corn and soybean can reduce the availability of food and lead to higher food prices.

Nanoscience Research and ICPCNanoNet Tuesday, September 14th, 2010

ICPCNanoNet is a European Union funded project that brings together scientists from EU, China, India, Russia and Africa. The goal is to provide wider access to published nanoscience research, and explore opportunities for cooperation between scientists of EU and International Cooperation Partner Countries (ICPC). The goal is sought to be achieved through an open access electronic archive of nanoscience publications and tools to facilitate networking between scientists in different regions of the world.

The open access Electronic Archive lists the latest additions and allows searching or browsing the archive for fields of interest. In addition to accessing published material, users can also upload their own articles. The goal of the archive is to maximize information availability to researchers, particularly those in developing countries.

ICPCNanoNet also provides access to two databases, one of research organizations in ICPC and the other listing researchers. The first one lists the facilities, capabilities and contact details of the organizations. The second database lists the research experience, application areas and expertise of the researchers.

NanoForum.org provides regular updates on research activities within the ICPC countries. A recent report mentioned about the availability of free DVDs of the 2nd Annual Workshop, Beijing.

The project is for a period of four years from 2008.

Fuel Cells: Significance and Markets Monday, September 13th, 2010

Fuel cells can theoretically provide energy for everything from running a power plant to running your computer. And they provide it with high efficiency, low emissions and quietly, with the byproducts being heat and water, not carbon dioxide. It is no wonder that governments, businesses and academic institutions are working towards producing this green source of energy.

In essence, a fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to make water, and generates electricity in the process. And unlike a battery, the chemicals needed for a fuel cell, viz. hydrogen and oxygen, do not get exhausted all that easily. What this means is that the fuel cell is not likely to go dead, unlike the battery.

Fuel cell technologies come in different varieties such as PEMFC, SOFC, AFC, MCFC, PAFC and DMFC. Some are more suited for one purpose while others are best in other contexts, such as transportation systems, large power plants and stationary power generators.

Honda’s concept car based on fuel cells has a reported energy efficiency of 60 percent, i.e. 60 percent of the energy that goes in comes out in the form of moving the car. Compare this to the 20 percent efficiency of the fossil fuel burning car, where most of the energy is wasted as heat and for powering incidentals.

Though a battery-powered electric car has an efficiency of 72 percent, the battery has to be charged using AC power, which has a low efficiency, and the charging process itself causes some loss of efficiency. Compared to the 60 percent overall efficiency of the fuel cell, the net battery efficiency is just 26 percent.(See How Fuel Cells Work).

The research report Fuel Cell Technologies Worldwide provides insights into the end user markets for fuel cells and also the various technologies used for making fuel cells.

Focusing on Clean and Green Technology Sunday, September 12th, 2010

Green in the City is an event where funding executives, entrepreneurs, innovators and opinion makers meet and debate topics related to clean technology. Clean technology is technology that has a smaller environmental impact, as exemplified by solar energy generation instead of coal-burning thermal power generation, and electric cars instead of fossil fuel-burning cars. The debates address the challenges and opportunities involved in the transition to a cleantech economy.

Green in the City is oriented to the UK cleantech space and meetings take place every month. The meeting scheduled for September 30, 2010 at Nomura House, London will focus on “Cleantech meets Biotech.” Biotechnology is already making agricultural and industrial technology cleaner in several areas, e.g. organic pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture, and the use of enzymes as catalysts in industrial processes.

Topics for the September session include Future for next generation biofuels, Using biotech processes to convert biomass into a valuable commodity, Applications of enzymes and other biotech alternatives in the biofuel industry, Alterative treatments for water and carbon dioxide and Accelerating the development of advanced materials for energy and cleantech sectors.

Registrations are now being accepted for the event Green in the City website.

Insights into Biotech Pharmaceuticals Scenario Saturday, September 11th, 2010

A market research report into biotechnology pharmaceuticals market in the US provides insight into the drivers that propel the growth of this industry. One conclusion the report has is that Blood Modifiers will account for as much as 36.3 percent of the market. Blood modifiers can either enhance or inhibit the clotting or thinning of blood.

What are the drivers that help the expected 7.5% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for this industry? The report mentions the following:

* Biotechnology drugs with greater efficiency and safety are catching people’s attention and becoming ever more popular
* Government is adopting policies and regulatory frameworks that encourage companies engaged in biotechnology research and development; for example, proposals are under way for speeding up the time to market after all regulatory approvals
* An ageing population with chronic and age-related diseases is increasing the demand for biotechnology pharmaceuticals

Some experts are even arguing that biotechnology can provide a solution to the problem of an ageing population, i.e. a population where aged people form an increasing percentage. Aged people need more healthcare costing money, and are typically unable to engage in wealth-producing activities. Biotechnology with promises such as genetic therapy that targets genes underlying disease conditions (instead of working on symptoms) should be able to help tackle the problem better.

Read the report at BioMed Reports.

Targeted Drug Delivery that Minimizes Side Effects Friday, September 10th, 2010

Drugs delivered orally or through intravascular injection are distributed throughout the body and only a small portion reaches the desired organ. Targeted drug delivery seeks to release the drug only in that part of the body where it is needed, at least in greater concentrations there than other parts. Not only has this the result of increasing treatment efficacy but it also reduces the side effects of the drug affecting healthy cells.

Targeted drug delivery is particularly important in treating cancerous tumors though it is also used for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Some of the traditional methods used for targeted drug delivery are effective but not safe, while others are safe but ineffective.

A recent report suggests that researchers at Mayo Clinic might have found a way to deliver drugs on target safely and effectively. They visualize calcium phosphate nanoparticles carrying a cargo of drugs along the bloodstream. Cells around tumors have an acidic environment and the calcium phosphate particles will be dissolved by the acid and the drugs released. What this means is that the drug reaches the diseased cells without being distributed all through the body.

The Mayo Clinic researchers used a dye as the cargo and used high speed lasers to measure the size of the dye-containing particles in a blood-like solution. They found that an acidic environment reduced the size of the particles to practically the size of the dye, indicating that the particles themselves have been dissolved.

Read the news at Science Centric.